How to extract components from a given datetime using the EXTRACT() function?

EXTRACT(unit FROM date) is a MySQL built-in function that returns components from a given datetime. For example:

SELECT EXTRACT(YEAR FROM '2023-07-02 10:30:55.000123');
  -- +-------------------------------------------------+
  -- | EXTRACT(YEAR FROM '2023-07-02 10:30:55.000123') |
  -- +-------------------------------------------------+
  -- |                                            2023 |
  -- +-------------------------------------------------+

SELECT EXTRACT(YEAR_MONTH FROM '2023-07-02 10:30:55.000123');
  -- +-------------------------------------------------------+
  -- | EXTRACT(YEAR_MONTH FROM '2023-07-02 10:30:55.000123') |
  -- +-------------------------------------------------------+
  -- |                                                202307 |
  -- +-------------------------------------------------------+

SELECT EXTRACT(DAY_MINUTE FROM '2023-07-02 10:30:55.000123');
  -- +-------------------------------------------------------+
  -- | EXTRACT(DAY_MINUTE FROM '2023-07-02 10:30:55.000123') |
  -- +-------------------------------------------------------+
  -- |                                                 21030 |
  -- +-------------------------------------------------------+

SELECT EXTRACT(MICROSECOND FROM '2023-07-02 10:30:55.000123');
  -- +--------------------------------------------------------+
  -- | EXTRACT(MICROSECOND FROM '2023-07-02 10:30:55.000123') |
  -- +--------------------------------------------------------+
  -- |                                                    123 |
  -- +--------------------------------------------------------+

Reference information of the EXTRACT() function:

EXTRACT(unit FROM date): int
  Extracts parts specified by unit keyword from the date.

Arguments, return value and availability:
  unit: Required. Components to extract as datetime internal unit keyword.
  date: Required. The date to extract components from.
  int: Return value. Extracted components concatenated as an integer.
  Available since MySQL 4.

Datetime interval unit keywords:
  Unit keyword         Output integer format
  ------------------   ---------------------
  MICROSECOND          ffffff
  SECOND               ss
  MINUTE               ii
  HOUR                 HH
  DAY                  dd
  WEEK                 VV
  MONTH                mm
  QUARTER              q
  YEAR                 YYYY
  SECOND_MICROSECOND   ssffffff
  MINUTE_MICROSECOND   iissffffff
  MINUTE_SECOND        iiss
  HOUR_MICROSECOND     HHiissffffff
  HOUR_SECOND          HHiiss
  HOUR_MINUTE          HHii
  DAY_MICROSECOND      ddHHiissffffff
  DAY_SECOND           ddHHiiss
  DAY_MINUTE           ddHHii
  DAY_HOUR             ddHH
  YEAR_MONTH           YYYYmm

⇒ FORMAT_PICO_TIME() - Formatting Picoseconds in Readable Units

⇐ DAYOFYEAR() - Day of Year

⇑ MySQL Functions on Date and Time

⇑⇑ MySQL Function References